Features from the field

Features from the field: Volcanic rocks and landscapes

Sandra McLaren May 11, 2020

View of the volcanic landscape of western Victoria, showing craters and maar lakes (credit: Sandra McLaren)

This edition of ‘Features from the field’ is brought to you by Sandra McLaren, a senior lecturer at the University of Melbourne. She will be talking about the volcanic activity and rocks in the Tower hill complex in Australia. Volcanic activity is one of the most spectacular manifestations of our tectonically active planet. Volcanic eruptions can be highly dangerous when they oc ...[Read More]

Features from the field: crenulation cleavage

Samuele Papeschi April 27, 2020

Crenulation cleavage in schists from the Island of Elba (Italy). Note how the older foliation is folded and a new foliation developed. Photo © Samuele Papeschi

In one of the former episodes of the ‘Features from the field’ series we have talked about foliations, and how they develop when rocks are pushed together by the movement of tectonic plates. It is quite uncommon, however, that tectonic forces are active in the same direction for an unlimited period of time. The rule, rather than the exception, is that the orientation of tectonic forces ...[Read More]

Features from the field: Bedding/Stratification

Samuele Papeschi December 27, 2019

Inclined bedding planes in Ladakh (India). Photo credits: Arjun Datta (Imaggeo)

Bedding (also called stratification) is one of the most prominent features of sedimentary rocks, which are usually made up of ‘piles’ of layers (called ‘strata‘) of sediments deposited one on top of another. Every stratum is characterized by its own lithology (composition), sedimentary structures, grain size and fossil content that make it unique and different from the stra ...[Read More]

Features from the field: Ripple Marks

Samuele Papeschi October 11, 2019

300 million year old ripples next to 300 minute old ripples. Photo credits Ian Kane

Earlier this year, Ian Kane, geologist at the University of Manchester, captured the iconic snapshot shown above. The picture reveals ripples, developed due to waves and currents in the sand of White Strand (near Killard, county Clare, Ireland) right next to Carboniferous sandstone that contains ‘petrified’ ripple marks! The image is powerful, because it shows the basic principle of geological act ...[Read More]

Features from the field: Foliation

Samuele Papeschi August 30, 2019

Jurassic slate in La Grave (Hautes-Alpes, France). These rocks easily split along foliation surfaces that dip towards the left of the image. Don’t believe me? Try to hammer them! Photo © Samuele Papeschi

Have you ever walked on a mountain trail, passing past outcrops of rocks and noticed that many rocks appear to be split along a well-defined orientation? If you have, you might have seen one of the most important structures in metamorphic rocks – called foliation. The term ‘foliation’ derives from the Latin folium, meaning ‘leaf’. A rock with a foliation looks like a pile of R ...[Read More]

Features from the field: Boudinage

Samuele Papeschi May 19, 2019

Boudins of amphibolite layers (metamorphosed basalts) that were stretched within quartz schists (Norway). Photo credits © Haakon Fossen.

The Features from the Field series is back! In our previous posts, we have shown how rocks can deform during ductile deformation, producing folds. Folds very commonly develop in rocks when rock layers are shortened by tectonic forces in a specific direction. On the other hand, when layers are extended, we develop boudins. Boudins – the term comes from the French word for ‘sausage’ – are frag ...[Read More]

Features from the field: Folding

Mehmet Köküm June 19, 2017

The folds of the rocks (Apoplystra/Greece). Photo credit: © by G. Shuttleworth via geologyin

Folding is one of the most common geologic phenomena in the world. I should start with defining the term ‘deformation’ in order to understand the folding process better. In geology, deformation is an alteration of the size or shape of rocks. Deformation is caused by stress, the scientific term for force applied to a certain area. Stresses on rocks can stem from various sources, such as ...[Read More]

Features from the field: Strike Slip Faults Classification

Mehmet Köküm April 17, 2017

A strike slip faults is a fault on which most of the movement is parallel to the fault strike (Bates and Jackson, 1987). The term ‘wrench fault’ is also popularized in some researchers. Sylvester (1988) suggest not using wrench fault term for defining strike slip fault as general term because wrench fault was defined by Anderson (1905) as deep seated, regional and vertical faults. Many major strik ...[Read More]

Features from the field: Growth Faults

Mehmet Köküm January 30, 2017

Displacement rate along the fault is not same.

Growth faults are syndepositional or syn-sedimentary extensional faults. Growth faults develop when sediments are being deposited, are key elements in understanding deformation processes. Indeed, successively deposited sedimentary layers are involved in the different stages of the growth of the structure and produce a record of the deformation history. Their fault plane dips mostly toward the basi ...[Read More]

Features from the field: Soft Sediment Structures

Mehmet Köküm October 17, 2016

Figure 1. Soft sediment deformation (Slump) in Dead Sea sediments, Israel. Possibly a seismite.

Today’s topic in Features of the Field is the well-known soft-sediment deformation; one of the most common phenomena which develop during, or shortly after deposition. The sediments; for this reason, need to be “liquid-like” or unsolidified for the deformation to occur. The most common places for soft-sediment deformations to form are deep water basins with turbidity currents, rivers, ...[Read More]