ST
Solar-Terrestrial Sciences

Archives / 2025 / February

Impact of upper atmosphere and ionosphere associated with an extremely explosive eruption of the Tonga volcano

Impact of upper atmosphere and ionosphere associated with an extremely explosive eruption of the Tonga volcano

1. Introduction Severe natural phenomena of geophysical, hydrological, and meteorological origins cause natural hazards that negatively impact human activity or the environment. Many people living on the earth suffer from natural hazards every year. Although we can predict some natural hazards (e.g., typhoons) in near real-time, forecasts of the geophysical natural hazards such as large earthquake ...[Read More]